The Grand Enterprise of Six Tribes in 1845

In 1845, before the waves of settlers had come to the Oregon Territory, a confederation of six Oregon tribes worked together to begin to expand their resources and wealth. The “Kayuse, Wallawalla, Spokans, Nes Perces, Ponderays and Snakes” sought to create vast cattle ranches in their territories. Dr. Elijah White (Indian agent) reported the happenings of their grand enterprise to buy cattle in California from the Spaniards and drive them back to Oregon.

A similar venture in 1837, The Willamette Cattle Company,  was led by Ewing Young, who successfully drove 700 cattle from California to the Willamette Valley to establish the first American-owned cattle herds in Oregon (outside of Hudson’s Bay Company’s control). The Willamette Valley enterprise was began at the Willamette Mission in a meeting called by Jason Lee. Various prominent settlers invested in the venture, including John McLoughlin. It is likely that Elijah Hedding was a student living at the mission at the time of this venture and witnessed its success, because 80 of the cattle came to the mission. The Indian children were employed at the mission as farm and ranch hands and did much of the daily labor. Elijah is likely to have initiated the expedition when he came to leadership among the Columbia River tribes. The tribal chiefs traveled south some eight hundred miles to near the fort established by Capt. John Sutter, later called Sutter’s Mills, and still later Sacramento.

The Spanish at this time owned all of California and Northern California administered by General Mariano Vallejo. General Vallejo’s Alta California fort was at Sonoma, while his ranch was at Petaluma. He lived at the Petaluma Adobe (still standing).

The Columbia River tribal chiefs took a herd of their extra horses, furs for trade and ten dollar bank drafts written out to them by Dr. White some time earlier. They were successful in making the deal for the cattle from the Spaniards. A short time later while the Oregon tribes were on a hunting expedition a “band of mountain free-booters” attacked the tribal party, with the party being victorious. They took possession of a herd of some twenty-two horses, which had been previously stolen from the white settlements in the valley. When they returned to the settlements, the whites, noticing the brands on the horses, laid claim to the stolen livestock. The Oregon tribal chiefs negotiated with the whites, being offered at first an insistence to return the horses outright, then an offer to buy the horses for 15 cattle.  The tribal chiefs were disgusted at the offer and left.

The negotiations seemed to break down over differences in the cultural ethics of trading. The tribes held that such livestock may be returned to an owner for a price, but the whites at first insisted that the horses are returned for no fee, then disrespected the Chiefs by offering too small a fee. At one point, an American saw his mule among the herd and insisted it be returned, and that “he would have it”. A young chief Elijah Hedding called his bluff and raised his gun daring him to take the mule. The man left. The next day the chiefs visited the fort of Capt. Sutter and joined the church service. After the service, Elijah and an old chief, his uncle, were invited into another room, and there the American who had insisted on the return of his mule said he was going to kill Elijah for the threat on his life. The American accused the Indians of being thieving dogs and when Elijah asked to pray first and the man shot him while he was kneeling.

(Elijah Hedding is referred to in other sources as Peo-peo-mox-mox’s son)

After this the Oregon tribal party was on the run, the Spaniards made every attempt to hem them in and prevent their escape at every river crossing, yet the remainder of the party made it back into Oregon unharmed. They returned to their people without their cattle, which they had fairly bought, and without the horse, money, and furs that they had taken with them to barter for the cattle. They had lost everything except their lives.

Dr. White mentioned in his letter that Elijah Hedding had been a young Indian who had spent several years at the Willamette Mission. In various letters from Jason Lee and his Methodist missionaries, there is mention of how the Indian children were gathered from the Willamette Plains and taken into the mission, given American names, and taught to read and write English. Hedding apparently distinguished himself after his education at the mission and became a highly placed chief among the upper Columbia River tribes (also perhaps being a son of Peo-peo-mox-mox helped). He would have been valued for his command of the English language, and his ability to read and write. (In a similar situation, it was noted about the Nez Perce that they immediately saw the value of the written word when they spent some weeks being introduced to the Bible in the Spring of 1806, when the Lewis and Clark Expedition stayed with the tribe waiting for the snow to abate in the Rockies.)  There was also a Bishop Elijah Hedding who was in charge of Methodist Operations on the Pacific, and that is likely to be his namesake, the origin of the name. (It was very common for tribal people in this period to take the name of a settler. It was an honored gift among the tribes to be gifted a name.)

Upon their return, the tribes sent an emissary to Dr. White (at that time, White was the Indian Agent of Oregon, with a mission to keep the peace) to measure the seriousness of the affair and if there would be repercussions. The emissary, Ellis, was of the Nez Perce tribe and addressed the issue very diplomatically, impressing Dr. White. He mentioned that the Oregon tribes desired to gather some two thousand warriors and revenge themselves upon the Spaniards and white settlements, but were restraining themselves to hear the outcome of this meeting.  Apparently, Dr. White was so sympathetic to the losses by the tribes that he offered to send a letter about the affair to Capt. Sutter, to the Governor of California, and to the chiefs about the matter. White also invited the tribes to come to a gathering in the next Fall, and to exchange their remaining bank drafts for cattle from White’s own herd. He was offering an additional $500 to each of the tribes to purchase more cattle. That was an acceptable option, and likely prevented an invasion of Spanish California by the Oregon Tribes.

This event is truly amazing. The tribal chiefs planned to increase their herds and began to develop a ranching economy at an early time, which is incredible. We know that the tribes were well used to horses, and were developing their own breeds, like the Appaloosa, but this event is a window into perhaps what might have been if the settlers had not began coming in droves to Oregon. The tribes would have continued to develop competitive systems of trade and exchange within their territories and would have worked side-by-side with the newcomers. The obvious racism of the Americans and Spaniards in California ruined the experience for the tribes. Many California tribes at this time were heavily missionized, many living in rancherias outside of Spanish forts and settlements. Del Norte, California, was a bit of a wild frontier, and few Spaniards ventured there. The furthest northern Spanish settlement was that of General Vallejo at the Petaluma Adobe. The gold rush, four years later, changed that forever, bringing thousands of Americans and others to flood California and Del Norte (the North) with mining claims and causing increased adversity between the tribes and the whites.  The conflicts turned to outright genocide of the Northern California and Southern Oregon tribes, from roughly 1849-1860, by Volunteer Militias (Rangers in California) seeking to exterminate all of the tribes because they were in the way of settlement and gold mining. Indians in this era were not considered civilized nor human enough to remain living, and the white settlers took every measure to eliminate them.

The notion that the Columbia River tribes, the Six tribes, were working together in such an economic scheme is also amazing. Not too long after, a series of wars broke out on the Columbia and in western Oregon, which eliminated the ability of the tribes to gather together. They were subjected to racist and genocidal actions from the Americans and signed treaties of removal to reservations. The pioneering Americans still felt that the tribes would one day band together and wipe them all out, as seen in the many editorials in regional newspapers. Many of the settlers probably recalled events such as this.

The American settlers asked for the U.S. military to come to the region to control and remove the Indians, claiming that the tribes were attacking American settlements. The American military took California from Spain in 1848 and was in Oregon by 1851, establishing forts and taking Fort Vancouver from HBC control. When the military arrived and began conducting their own investigations, they found that the blame for the many conflicts with the tribes rested solely with the American settlers who were instigating the attacks, and fomenting violence in the region (see letters of General John E. Wool, Commander of the Pacific), including the violence and war made on the Walla Walla in 1855 by Oregon Governor Curry’s militia. The tribes were then removed to reservations by Joel Palmer, with some aid by the US regular military, in order to preserve and protect them from the marauding Whites and their militias, who sought nothing less than total extermination of the Indians.

At the time of this story, 1845, there was a glimmer of hope that tribes would become equal partners in the territory with the settlers, but as we all know, that was not to be.

---

Another version of the story has been found in the Journal of Karl Theodor Hartweg, a British naturalist and botanist. Hartweg was in California under the direction of the Royal Horticultural Society. In those days, 1846, it was very common for field researchers to be paid or sponsored to go out to remote areas and find new discoveries, in this case mostly plants of Northern Mexico and California. Hartweg’s journal entries of the event have two copies, with identical transcriptions; his original journal is the pamphlet and much easier to read. But the account appears to me mostly secondary (details of the murder of Hedding), with perhaps some eyewitnessed events (troops being called to Sutters mills). Hartweg is being hosted by General Vallejo in the midst of California Independence. The journal addresses how Americans had moved into the territory, and the Spaniards had not resisted them, but later they decided to put up a fight and formed the California Republic. In the midst of this happening, 1846, some 1200 Wallawallas- who were the people of the six tribes from Oregon, came down to Sutters Mills to buy cattle. Elijah Hedding got into a fight and was shot. Many details are added, enhancing the previous accounts; the size of the force of Wallawalla- 1200- is large. There was a regional fear of depredations by the Wallawallas, causing General Vallejo to move his people closer to Sutters Mills. There was some friction between the Wallawallas and the “river Indians,” likely the local Miwok tribes. The final incident was set off, not by the Spaniards, but by an American arguing over a mule. There was also a response by Fremont, suggesting that Fremont may also have an account somewhere.

(10 Sep 1846) Going across the bay to Sausalito [California] with Don Antonio [Don Jose Antonio Aguirre] and Captain C., on their way to their farms on the northern side of the bay. Being joined at the mission of San Rafael by General Vallejo [Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo], ‘who brought the intelligence that twelve hundred Wallawalla [Walla Walla] Indians from Oregon had arrived in the Sacramento Valley, and sent a message to Sutter’s Fort [California], demanding the cattle due to them, and that the person of a Mr Cook [Grove Cook, American settler] be given up to them unconditionally. This affair arose from a quarrel about a mule in the autumn of 1844’. Relating an incident involving the Wallawalla, trading ‘leather pantaloons, buffalo robes and elk skins for cattle’ and Mr Cook (‘an American’) spotting a mule he had previously lost among the horses, being threatened by the chief Elijah [Elijah Hedding, also known as Toayahnu, son of a Walla Walla chief]: ‘the following day, being Sunday, the Indians came to church at the fort. After service, Elijah was invited into another apartment, and while talking with another chief about things alleged against them by the river Indians, Cook observed ‘yesterday you were going to shoot me, now you must die’, at the same time drawing a pistol. The young chief, who had been brought up at a Methodist mission, and had learned to read, write and to speak the English language fluently, said deliberately ‘let me pray a little first’, and, kneeling down, commenced, and while invoking the divine mercy was shot through the heart upon the spot. The Indians immediately moved their camp, and leaving the cattle they had bartered for behind them, returned home. In consequence of their arrival now, when their intentions of avenging themselves were but too well known, the Americans concentrated their naval forces in the bay of San Francisco. Captain Fremont [John Charles Fremont] with his mounted rifle corps returned from the south, volunteers and the landed proprietors were called out, and sent up to the river Sacramento, to keep the depredations of the Wallawallas in check’

Hartweg’s companions having to proceed with General Vallejo to the small town of Sonoma, ‘in order, as he said, to defend their country from the attacks of the Indians’. Hartweg following them, having no horse, guide ‘or knowledge of the country’. The general embargoing a horse for Hartweg. Arriving at Sonoma in the evening after a ride of 48 miles ‘under a broiling hot sun’

200 Wallawallas rumoured to be encamped 20 miles from Sutter’s Fort, about 100 miles from Sonoma, with a further 1,000 people higher up in the valley. The town of Sonoma, consisting of a large square with a row of houses on two sides of the square, ‘was put in a state of defence’, guarded by a few marines and sailors from Yerba Buena [San Francisco]. The American and Californian volunteers sent away in parties of 30 men. Hartweg’s two companions, ‘being intimate friends, and one of them a near relation of the general, were retained in his staff’. Hartweg having to give up on his plans of visiting Sacramento Valley ‘under these war-like circumstances’

Enjoying the hospitality of General Vallejo for three days before continuing with F.

Reference: Repository- Royal Horticultural Society Lindley Library; Copyright- Royal Horticultural Society; Credit Line- RHS Lindley Collections

---

References:

Brosnan, Cornelius J., Jason Lee, prophet of the new Oregon, 1932. Accessed at Hathitrust.

Gay, Theressa, Life and letters of Mrs. Jason Lee, Metropolitan press, 1936.

Lewis and Clark Journals… many editors

White Elijah, A Concise View of the Oregon Territory, T. Barnard, 1946.  pp 49-53. Google books accessed 7/15/2015

Wool, General John E., Letters  of… Oregon Territorial records (Microfilm) and Capital Journal newspaper, Salem.

Hartweg, Karl Theodor. Journal of Karl Theodore Wartweg. RHS Lindley Collections. Pages 48-51.

all images are on Loan from the WWW.

For additional details about the character of Elijah Hedding (Leicer) see this letter by J.A. Sutter.