The closure of the 1853-1855 treaty annuities in 1875 was a time of hardship for some Oregon reservations. For 20 years the reservations of Oregon were fully or partially supported by annual payments based on the annuities of these treaties. But when the annuities ended, the federal government had made no plans for support of the reservations, and this left some 3,000 Indians without their annual funding. Self-determination and self-sufficiency were not yet thought of as a part of National Indian policies. The federal Indian policy in 1875 was much the same as in 1855, to assimilate the Indians into … Continue reading When Annuities Ended on the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation